1- Epilepsy

• Affects 20–30% of people with ASD.
• Seizures may include generalized or partial types and can begin in childhood or adolescence.
• EEG changes are common, even without visible seizures.
• Requires neurological evaluation and tailored medication.

2- Fragile X Syndrome

• A leading inherited cause of autism.
• Features include intellectual disability, anxiety, poor eye contact, and repetitive behaviors.
• Diagnosed via genetic testing (FMR1 gene mutation).

3- Down Syndrome

• 5–10% of individuals with Down syndrome also meet ASD criteria.
• Combined cases may show more severe language and social delays.
• Seizures and early cognitive decline are possible.

4- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Found in up to 80% of children with ASD.
• Symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
• Can increase behavioral challenges and interfere with learning.
• Treated with behavior therapy and sometimes medication.

5- Cerebral Palsy (CP)

• Motor impairments such as spasticity and delayed milestones may co-occur in 7–15% of ASD cases.
• CP can mask or complicate the diagnosis of autism.
• Requires physical therapy alongside developmental support.

6- Intellectual Disability (ID)

• Present in about 40% of individuals with autism.
• Defined by below-average IQ and difficulty with daily functioning.
• Strongly linked to more severe ASD symptoms and language delays.
• Requires individualized education and support.

7- Tics and Movement Disorders

• Includes motor tics (e.g., blinking, jerking) and vocal tics (e.g., grunting, throat clearing).
• Tourette syndrome may co-occur in a small percentage of children with ASD.
• Repetitive behaviors (stereotypies) are common in autism but differ from true tics.
• Management may involve behavioral therapy and, in some cases, medication.